JavaScript 中的new
关键字在第一次遇到时会非常混乱,因为人们倾向于认为 JavaScript 不是面向对象的编程语言。
它做了 5 件事:
this
变量指向新创建的对象。 this
就使用新创建的对象。 null
对象引用。在这种情况下,将返回该对象引用。 注意: 构造函数是指new
关键字后面的函数,如
new ConstructorFunction(arg1, arg2)
完成此操作后,如果请求新对象的未定义属性,脚本将检查该对象的[[prototype]]对象。这就是你如何在 JavaScript 中获得类似于传统类继承的东西。
关于这一点最困难的部分是第 2 点。每个对象(包括函数)都有一个名为[[prototype]] 的内部属性。它只能在对象创建时设置,可以是new ,使用Object.create ,也可以是基于文字(函数默认为 Function.prototype,数字为 Number.prototype 等)。它只能用Object.getPrototypeOf(someObject)读取。 没有其他方法可以设置或读取此值。
除了[[prototype]]属性之外,函数还有一个名为prototype的属性,您可以访问和修改这些属性,为您创建的对象提供继承的属性和方法。
这是一个例子:
ObjMaker = function() {this.a = 'first';};
// ObjMaker is just a function, there's nothing special about it that makes
// it a constructor.
ObjMaker.prototype.b = 'second';
// like all functions, ObjMaker has an accessible prototype property that
// we can alter. I just added a property called 'b' to it. Like
// all objects, ObjMaker also has an inaccessible [[prototype]] property
// that we can't do anything with
obj1 = new ObjMaker();
// 3 things just happened.
// A new, empty object was created called obj1. At first obj1 was the same
// as {}. The [[prototype]] property of obj1 was then set to the current
// object value of the ObjMaker.prototype (if ObjMaker.prototype is later
// assigned a new object value, obj1's [[prototype]] will not change, but you
// can alter the properties of ObjMaker.prototype to add to both the
// prototype and [[prototype]]). The ObjMaker function was executed, with
// obj1 in place of this... so obj1.a was set to 'first'.
obj1.a;
// returns 'first'
obj1.b;
// obj1 doesn't have a property called 'b', so JavaScript checks
// its [[prototype]]. Its [[prototype]] is the same as ObjMaker.prototype
// ObjMaker.prototype has a property called 'b' with value 'second'
// returns 'second'
这就像类继承一样,因为现在,使用new ObjMaker()
创建的任何对象也似乎都继承了'b' 属性。
如果你想要一个像子类的东西,那么你这样做:
SubObjMaker = function () {};
SubObjMaker.prototype = new ObjMaker(); // note: this pattern is deprecated!
// Because we used 'new', the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is now set to the object value of ObjMaker.prototype.
// The modern way to do this is with Object.create(), which was added in ECMAScript 5:
// SubObjMaker.prototype = Object.create(ObjMaker.prototype);
SubObjMaker.prototype.c = 'third';
obj2 = new SubObjMaker();
// [[prototype]] property of obj2 is now set to SubObjMaker.prototype
// Remember that the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is ObjMaker.prototype. So now obj2 has a prototype chain!
// obj2 ---> SubObjMaker.prototype ---> ObjMaker.prototype
obj2.c;
// returns 'third', from SubObjMaker.prototype
obj2.b;
// returns 'second', from ObjMaker.prototype
obj2.a;
// returns 'first', from SubObjMaker.prototype, because SubObjMaker.prototype
// was created with the ObjMaker function, which assigned a for us
在最终找到这个页面之前,我读了很多关于这个主题的垃圾,在这里用漂亮的图表很好地解释了这个问题。
假设你有这个功能:
var Foo = function(){
this.A = 1;
this.B = 2;
};
如果你将其称为独立函数,如下所示:
Foo();
执行此函数将向window
对象( A
和B
)添加两个属性。它把它添加到window
,因为window
是当你执行它像调用该函数的对象,而this
在一个函数调用函数的对象。至少在 Javascript 中。
现在,使用new
调用它:
var bar = new Foo();
向函数调用添加new
时会发生的情况是创建一个新对象(只是var bar = new Object()
),并且函数中的this
指向刚刚创建的新Object
,而不是指向调用的对象功能。因此bar
现在是具有属性A
和B
的对象。任何函数都可以是构造函数,它并不总是有意义的。
除了丹尼尔霍华德的回答,这里是new
(或至少似乎做):
function New(func) {
var res = {};
if (func.prototype !== null) {
res.__proto__ = func.prototype;
}
var ret = func.apply(res, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1));
if ((typeof ret === "object" || typeof ret === "function") && ret !== null) {
return ret;
}
return res;
}
而
var obj = New(A, 1, 2);
相当于
var obj = new A(1, 2);